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Developments of Ukrainian Specialists

There are semiconductors of appointed materials. Their resistance should be somewhere between the resistance of a conductor and a non-conductor. Variations of temperature or used admixtures also influence the resistance.
The term “dashes” means the other components mixed to the material. The complete combination defines the semi-conductors as power semiconductor devices of type-n and type-t.
The union of type-n and type-t semiconductors is applied to produce diodes as well as transistors. Usually silicon is necessary to produce semiconductors these days.
Semi-conductor material is needed to create diodes that serve for putting the stream of electrical current only in one sense. There is a piece of (positive) combination, - (negative) combination and pn-transfer fixed as barrier level in every diode. Electrical schemes which transform among alternating and direct current are created using diodes. As diodes make current flow only in one sense only a part of the processes or cycle is fulfilled. A connection of this kind is assigned as a rectifier.
LED (light diodes) is one more variant of diodes. Such diodes are needed when it’s a task to generate light at little voltages and parallel generate no heat. Such diodes are present in all units of contemporary electronic equipment for example TV sets or stereo systems specially to signal the standby state.
The growth of thyristors production was led by Moore’s law. The most important factor for making complicated power semi-conductor equipment at lower prices is today lithography. As for optical lithography, it now gives way to the increase of new techniques because it has met its physical limit. Now ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography are considered to stay the most suitable substitutes to optical method. One can find more prospective methods. For example x-ray lithography and electron beam lithography these days. Another important discovery was made in Russia. That happened to be the creation of voltage sensors. Sensors are needed in many devices for different destinations. The voltage sensors may be used in either business, manufacture or daily devices. The shape and size of the igbt sensor can be different depending on the type of device. So they may be simple (as in several light detectors) or complicated (counters that sign radiation changes).
Anyway if the igbt sensor is alone it won’t function. There are lots of purposes for using power system dispatchers. They are necessary to control system components like voltage, frequency, power flow, to keep an eye on the state of circuit breakers in substation and the planned interchange of power with the several power systems. System alarms and the actions against them are also in their constant control.
For the dispatchers to do these functions they have to have a complete information of the whole power system received with the monitors of computers in different sub-stations. With the use of respective interfacing matrials the status of CB’s, fuses, isolators and analog values such as MVAR, MW, KV, Amps or others was found out in the RTU. The greatest part in export belongs to Russian Federation and China.